WATCH(1)

NAME
watch - execute a program periodically, showing output fullscreen

SYNOPSIS
watch [options] command

DESCRIPTION
watch runs command repeatedly, displaying its output and errors (the first screenfull). This allows you to watch the program output change over time. By default, command is run every 2 seconds and watch will run until interrupted.

OPTIONS

-d, --differences [permanent]
    Highlight the differences between successive updates. Option will read optional argument that changes highlight to be permanent, allowing to see what has changed at least once since first iteration.

-n, --interval seconds
    Specify update interval. The command will not allow quicker than 0.1 second interval, in which the smaller values are converted. Both '.' and ',' work for any locales.

-p, --precise
    Make watch attempt to run command every interval seconds. Try it with ntptime and notice how the fractional seconds stays (nearly) the same, as opposed to normal mode where they continuously increase.

-t, --no-title
    Turn off the header showing the interval, command, and current time at the top of the display, as well as the following blank line.

-b, --beep
    Beep if command has a non-zero exit.

-e, --errexit
    Freeze updates on command error, and exit after a key press.

-g, --chgexit
    Exit when the output of command changes.

-c, --color
    Interpret ANSI color and style sequences.

-x, --exec
    Pass command to exec(2) instead of sh -c which reduces the need to use extra quoting to get the desired effect.

-h, --help
    Display help text and exit.

-v, --version
    Display version information and exit.

EXIT STATUS

    0   Success.
    1   Various failures.
    2   Forking the process to watch failed.
    3   Replacing child process stdout with write side pipe failed.
    4   Command execution failed.
    5   Closing child process write pipe failed.
    7   IPC pipe creation failed.
    8   Getting child process return value with waitpid(2) failed, or command exited up on error.
    other
        The watch will propagate command exit status as child exit status.

NOTES
POSIX option processing is used (i.e., option processing stops at the first non-option argument). This means that flags after command don't get interpreted by watch itself.

BUGS
Upon terminal resize, the screen will not be correctly repainted until the next scheduled update. All --differences highlighting is lost on that update as well. Non-printing characters are stripped from program output. Use "cat -v" as part of the command pipeline if you want to see them. Combining Characters that are supposed to display on the character at the last column on the screen may display one column early, or they may not display at all. Combining Characters never count as different in --differences mode. Only the base character counts. Blank lines directly after a line which ends in the last column do not display. --precise mode doesn't yet have advanced temporal distortion technology to compensate for a command that takes more than interval seconds to execute. watch also can get into a state where it rapid-fires as many executions of command as it can to catch up from a previous executions running longer than interval (for example, netstat taking ages on a DNS lookup).

EXAMPLES
To watch for mail, you might do
    watch -n 60 from
To watch the contents of a directory change, you could use
    watch -d ls -l
If you're only interested in files owned by user joe, you might use
    watch -d 'ls -l | fgrep joe'
To see the effects of quoting, try these out
    watch echo $$
    watch echo '$$'
    watch echo "'"'$$'"'"
To see the effect of precision time keeping, try adding -p to
    watch -n 10 sleep 1
You can watch for your administrator to install the latest kernel with
    watch uname -r
(Note that -p isn't guaranteed to work across reboots, especially in the face of ntpdate or other bootup time-changing mechanisms)